دراسات وأبحاث
Volume 17, Numéro 4, Pages 307-319
2025-10-15
Maximum Pressure, Minimum Change: Assessing Donald Trump’s Oil Sanctions On Venezuela, 2017-2021
Authors : Badi Rima .
Abstract
This paper analyzes the extent to which the Trump administration’s “maximum pressure” oil sanctions (2017-2021) met their intended strategic objectives in Venezuela. Focusing on the deterioration of U.S.-Venezuela relations, the study outlines the timeline of sanctions and assesses their direct effects on Venezuela’s oil-dependent economy, humanitarian conditions, and political dynamics. It also investigates the international outcomes of the sanctions, particularly their effect on global oil markets and the responses of key international actors such as Russia and China. By combining quantitative data on oil exports with qualitative policy analysis, the findings indicate that while the sanctions caused economic collapse, they strengthened regime resilience and ultimately did not lead to democratic change. The study concludes that coercive economic measures alone are insufficient for achieving political transformation, emphasizing the complexity of using sanctions as a tool for political change in authoritarian regimes.
Keywords
Keywords: Economic Sanctions, Venezuela, Trump Administration, Regime Resilience, Maximum Pressure Strategy
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