الصوتيات
Volume 22, Numéro 1, Pages 07-20
2026-04-15

Face-to-face Education Vs. Virtual Education Via Google Meet: Students’ Perceptions Of University Instructor Presence



Authors : Bouyakoub Samar Hibet Arrahmane . Larbi Nabila .

Abstract

This study examines students’ perceptions of university instructor presence and academic authority across three instructional modes: face-to-face classroom teaching via Google Meet with the camera on and teaching via Google Meet using only audio. Data were collected from 100 male and female students majoring in Italian at Blida 2 University and distributed across undergraduate (Licence) and Masters levels. On the basis of the questionnaire nineteen items on the Likert scale and one open-ended question were used. Analysing the internal consistency showed strong reliability among the items (Cronbach alpha 0.846). quantitative results revealed that face-to-face education achieved the highest mean score (M 4.09 SD 0.82), followed by virtual education with the camera on (M 3.92 SD 0.89), while audio-only instruction recorded the lowest mean (M 3.87 Results of the ANOVA indicated statistically significant differences among the instructional modes (F(2, 297) 21.452, p .001, 0.13). Qualitative findings from open-ended responses highlighted that the most influential factors in making virtual classes closer to face-to-face instruction were camera use direct interaction with students clarity of voice, lesson organization use of visual aids and instructor personality and human presence. These results confirm that physical presence remains the most effective model with partial compensation through the integration of visual and interactive elements possible while reliance on audio alone remains least effective in establishing strong academic presence.

Keywords

instructor presence ; Italian language teaching. ; Google Meet; ; virtual education; . ; academic authority

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