Batna Journal of Medical Sciences
Volume 13, Numéro 3, Pages 294-305
2026-05-29

Advances In Viral Diagnostics: From Conventional Methods To Molecular And Genomic Technologies



Authors : Ahmed Ahmed Syamand . Qader Abde Soran . Farhan Shallal Ahmed .

Abstract

Viral infections continue to pose a significant global public health risk due to their high transmissibility, genetic diversity, and capacity to induce extensive epidemics. Consequently, precise, swift, and scalable diagnostic techniques are essential for efficient patient management, epidemic containment, and epidemiological monitoring. This paper critically examines the progression of viral diagnostic methodologies from traditional laboratory techniques to sophisticated molecular and genomic technologies. Conventional methods such as virus isolation, microscopy, and serological assays like ELISA remain prevalent due to their cost-effectiveness and accessibility. However, these approaches are impeded by prolonged turnaround times, reduced sensitivity during the first phases of infection, and a compromised capacity to identify novel variants. Molecular techniques, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR), real-time PCR, and nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs), have excellent sensitivity and specificity, enabling rapid detection of viral nucleic acids. Moreover, next- generation sequencing (NGS) facilitates comprehensive genome analysis, enabling the detection of mutations, identification of infections, and monitoring of transmission. Emerging biosensor-based diagnostics present a viable method for delivering rapid, portable, and point-of-care testing options, especially in resource-constrained environments. A comparative analysis indicates that no single diagnostic method is universally optimal; the selection of technique is contingent upon the clinical environment, available infrastructure, financial considerations, and diagnostic objectives.

Keywords

viral infection ; viral culture ; ELISA ; PCR ; RT-PCR ; NAAT

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