Batna Journal of Medical Sciences
Volume 13, Numéro 2, Pages 194-203
2026-05-19
Immune Checkpoints As Possible Immunotherapy For Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients.
Authors : Arinola Ganiyu . Jimoh Mutiu . Adedeji Olajumoke .
Abstract
Immunomodulators are agents that regulate the immune system by enhancing or suppressing immune responses. They play a pivotal role in managing infections, autoimmune disorders, allergies, and cancer. Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of death worldwide and it has elaborate treatment period coupled wth the reduction of efficacy of its vaccine (Bacille Calmette Guerin, BCG) with age. Therefore, novel immunotherapy is urgently required. Synthetic compounds and plant extracts with inhibitory effects on lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), adenosine deaminase (ADA) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) have been previously used as immune modulators in patients with cancers, cardiovascular diseases, ageing and certain infectious diseases. Anti-TB potentials of some plants extracts and fruits have been investigated because of their anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, antioxidant, antimitotic, analgesic, local anesthetic, hypnotic, psychotropic and antitumor effects, but the immune modulatory effect of these plants and fruits in TB patients is yet to be studied. With the possibility of many plant products (alkanoids, flavanoids, and terpenoids) and synthetic compounds as immune modulators in other diseases, this review article discusses the mechanisms and therapeutic applications of LDH, IDO and ADA as immunomodulators in PTB patients. The authors concluded that LDH, IDO, and ADA represent critical metabolic checkpoints that regulate immune cell function in tuberculosis and that immune modulatory functions of these metabolic checkpoints offers a promising host-directed therapeutic strategy, targeted immunotherapies and personalised medicine to complement conventional anti-TB therapy.
Keywords
: Immunotherapy, ; Metabolic inhibitors, ; Pulmonary Tuberculosis, Personalised medicine.
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