Journal of Molecular and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Volume 5, Numéro 1, Pages 1-9
2026-06-30
Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Biological Mechanisms, Clinical Benefits, And Translational Implications In Nutrition And Human Health
Authors : Derbal Saïd . Belafdal Imen .
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), play a central role in maintaining cardiovascular, metabolic, neurological, and immune health. Sufficient omega-3 status has been consistently linked to a lower incidence of major cardiovascular events, alongside improvements in endothelial function and blood pressure regulation. Importantly, clinical outcomes appear to vary according to dosage and formulation, with purified EPA generally showing more robust and reproducible effects than combined EPA/DHA preparations. In the context of brain health, omega-3s are essential for preserving neuronal structure and function, mitigating age-related cognitive decline, and decreasing the likelihood of mood disorders and neurodegenerative conditions, particularly during the early phases of disease and among individuals genetically predisposed, such as carriers of the apolipoprotein E ε4 (ApoE4) allele. Their capacity to generate specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs)—bioactive lipid compounds derived from omega-3 fatty acids that actively regulate and resolve inflammation—also underpins significant anti-inflammatory and metabolic benefits, reinforcing their relevance in chronic inflammatory and metabolic disorders. Despite the breadth of these protective effects, population-wide intake of omega-3 fatty acids remains below recommended levels. At the same time, the disproportionate consumption of omega-6 relative to omega-3 fatty acids persists as a critical nutritional imbalance, emphasizing the urgent need for more effective and sustainable dietary strategies.
Keywords
Omega-3 ; Cardioprotection ; Neuroprotection ; Inflammation ; Metabolism ; Supplementation
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